Biography Of Abraham Lincoln

Biography Of Abraham Lincoln

 "The best way to know your future is to start building it"

introduction

Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the United States, was born on February 12, 1809 in Hudgenville, Kentucky, USA. Being the son of a poor family who is far from politics, he became the prime minister of the country twice in a row and succeeded in establishing democracy by eliminating the tradition of selling people.

early life

Abraham Lincoln was born into a poor family in rural America. His father used to support the family by doing carpentry and hunting. His mother was a housewife. Abraham's mother sent him and his sister to study after school started in a small wooden house in his village, where there were no schools. Mother encouraged Abraham to study and become a good person. When Abraham was 7 years old, his family moved to a river in Indiana. There were no schools. Therefore, he was forced to leave his studies as a child and work in the fields.

In 1818, an epidemic of famine and disease spread throughout the country. His mother died in that epidemic. After the death of their mother, their condition became more miserable. When Lincoln's father went hunting, he would stay with his sister in a secluded house by the river. He was only nine years old at that time. Being of a young age, he was taking care of and protecting his sister. After some time, the house became orderly and loving again with the arrival of another mother of Lincoln.

When Lincoln was 11 years old, a school opened near home. He started going to school only with the efforts of his stepmother. Due to poverty, he had to work in the fields and could not always go to school. He did not study for a whole year in school, but he used to read books voraciously. He used to travel far and wide to find and return books. He worked in the fields all day and read by the light of the fire at night. He used to write in a circle on a wooden sable and when he was full of writing, he would erase on one side and start writing there again. When Abraham was 19 years old, his family moved to New Orleans by way of the Mississippi River. There he first learned about the Kamara custom in America. He felt very sad when he saw people being sold.

political journey

At the age of twenty-two, when Abraham worked as a clerk in a store, he began to put his arguments and ideas before people. Due to his personality and the arguments he made regarding the governance, everyone started advising him to become a member of the state legislative assembly.

Abraham joined politics at the age of 25. In 1834, he was elected to the Illinois State Legislature. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly 3 times. Interested in reading books, he also got permission to practice law. At the age of 37, he was elected as a member of the lower house of parliament. Taking advantage of that position, he widely opposed the Kamara system there. He started to convince all the people against the Kamara system. He lost the election in 1858, but gained fame for his arguments against the Kamara system.

success

Lincoln became the sixteenth president of the United States for the first time in 1860 when the country was in a state of great turmoil. As America was divided due to mutual differences, the Kamara system increased. This made Lincoln sad. However, without giving up, he persisted with the aim of uniting the country and eliminating the slave system. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to all slaves. His statement of 1863, "For the people, by the people, the government of the people will never perish from the earth", became famous in history.

Despite various accusations, he became president for the second time in 1864. Lincoln succeeded in establishing peace in 1865, which led to cheers and cheers across the country. He was known as a political hero even in the 1970s. His history of colonialism and nationalism is not only respected and appreciated at present. On the fifth day after the establishment of peace, he was shot by a man named John Wilkes Booth while he was celebrating by watching a dance. He died on April 15, 1865 shortly after being shot. The world has lost a democratic leader.

Life is a struggle, and success is the reward of that struggle. Patience, determination and perseverance climb the steps of the ladder of success. While climbing the ladder, if you slip and fall down or if you are unable to climb up, you should muster courage and try to raise your feet.

"I walk slowly but never backward" - Abraham Lincoln

Steps can become difficult when others do not believe in you. What happened if others did not believe? You know yourself better than they do, you know your goals. Believe in yourself. Confidence is the only thing that gives you the courage to take your hard-earned steps. That is why we are still reading the letters written in the name of Abraham Lincoln and future generations will also read them.

Nepali legend

Nepali legend

- Ramji Balami

When she remembers that day, Ramita's eyes still tear up, her eyes fill with tears, her heart breaks and cries, her chest like a mountain falls down like a withered leaf. That's why he never wants to remember that incident, but if people don't want to do what they say, that's what happens.

However, instead of worrying about the past, you should be able to focus on what you have. She remembers this thing and sometimes she even shakes. As she became lonely and lonely, because that incident bothered her, even on the day of the office holiday, she was stuck somewhere. However, he lacks nothing. There was neither lack of love nor wealth like before. A model woman of the neighborhood and the society, she could not become the mother of two Sukanya, but she could not live with peace of mind. Repeatedly, that incident has not stopped hurting his heart. She has not stopped making waves and even in her sleep, sometimes she suddenly cries and hugs her husband. Even her husband is worried about this behavior, somewhere in his heart! Doubts have started to emerge. His monotony even gave a hint of madness at times.

Where does the old man know? Although it is said that "sorrow is halved and happiness is doubled", but saying that, it is not possible to walk around blowing your sorrow. That's what he thinks. That's why sometimes she cries when she remembers and wants to remove that incident from her psyche forever. But that event that changed the course of life can be forgotten so soon!

Towards the end of the month of January, Sri Swasthani Vrat Katha ended. She had gone to Maiti with prasad from her house. What else can be dearer than Maiti for a girl? After spending time happily with his parents and siblings, it was late in the evening when he returned home. No one in the family tried to open the door when Kumbhakarna was plunging under the pretense of sleep while going to his house, which was only fifteen minutes away from Mait. A sleepy person can be woken but a pretender can never be woken up....

After knocking on the door for a long time, her husband, overcome with anger, swung to open the door. The door opened with a bang. As soon as the door opened, her hair was thrown so that it was not her husband but the rider of a demon. Some of the cloths taken from Maiti also spilled out, while teasing her, tears poured down from her eyes, and her husband's kicks and kicks on her continuously....

It is known that he came from Maiti on the pretext of coming home late. Bhakure scolded him with all his anger. Recently, Larke didn't have any courage to resist in front of her young husband. And the continuous blows on the soft chest and cheek repeatedly. In the name of resistance, he died and died! She could not say anything except that she was afraid that others would hear that too.

It had been only two years since their marriage, but Ramita was already a victim of many bribes for not having children without treatment. On that day, Nihu, who had no children from home, got the trick of setting up a marriage plan for someone else, and she became the doll of the same Nihu that day. Even after her husband's beatings, she continued to sit still, condemning her actions even after her husband's insults.

No matter how much she was beaten, she wished for her husband's long life, but that day was unbearable for her. Jahan's mother-in-law and father-in-law stayed silent even when they were dragged from the ground floor to the upper floor and taken to a closed room. On the contrary, I felt that I was being teased. The demon named Mr. got tired of drinking and said, "If you cry any more, I will kill you and bury you." Beating his wife and thinking it was sweet, he fell asleep in an instant.

Ramita had exceeded the limit of tolerance. That's why, "Better to die than to be beaten day after day after enduring such atrocities," the girl covered her mouth and slowly opened the door and headed towards her deathbed. After coming out, I thought for a moment, "Where should I go, my wife, or suicide?" By questioning myself, I did not follow the path of my mother....

His parents were just lying in bed. Suddenly, when I heard my daughter knocking on the door and called me, I felt a chill in my heart, saying, "Why did you do this, daughter?" Thinking like this, Ramita's father opened the door.

His father's heart was not stopped by Ramit's speech, mixed with deep, hollow voice and crying. He did not even think that he would beat his son like this who had just returned home. "Father, where do I go? To die or to live?" Ri also got up with this sudden outburst from her daughter's mouth, but both of them went upstairs to the room after taking care of her. Whose eyes don't shed tears after such a hellish behavior of the husband who brought in the father to kill the virtue and sin? In superstitious Nepali society, there is no option to weed!

The siblings were already asleep. Mother, father and daughter stayed away from Nindradevi. That father was an excuse to drive away his old wife for marriage. It is not that Ramita did not know this, but she was a true, honest, honorable woman of the society. On the contrary, she was considered as a good girl in the village because of her habit of not causing pain to others, but ironically, she became an enemy of that family. Don't be careless, sinful and worthless. Dhan was close to his mother-in-law and his first choice was the house of his mother-in-law, otherwise his choice would have been the nearby Bhirpakha, Dah or some strong tree in the forest.

The time was not over yet, the clock was just showing 11 o'clock at night. The next morning Sawer went with his relatives and Lami and tried to understand the truth, but there is no medicine for fools. As soon as he saw his mother-in-law and relatives, the son-in-law, who was supposed to bow down with his hands folded, started shouting, "Let's come, one by one." Showing the strength of his youth, he threatened Ramita to leave immediately saying that she does not want one, two, three. Dhan Ramita's brothers and sisters were quiet, otherwise there would have been a big scandal. Perhaps he too must have taken advantage of his brother's decency. Finally, he returned to Maiti with tears in his eyes. When she returned, she did not even bring the sukkah of that house, instead she took her dowry with her.

What is the interest of Tamsine's husband to bring another while he is still alive? That is why, without letting age affect her, she will be married to another man. Ramita did not find such a groom who is very attractive in Ramita's eyes. The hellish behavior of her former husband and the loving behavior of her current one makes her eyes tear up. Of course, Ramita feels sad rather than laughing when she hears the news that her husband, Bhupu, who has made himself a good person by standing as a hateful character in front of the whole society, is now crying day and night. Because he wanted the progress of others, he wanted happiness, he didn't want to listen to the pain of any enemy.

However, their relationship is broken because of the new bride's words to "abandon the elder". The demon named Vinaju of the husband helped break the relationship with Ramita by saying, "If I keep that wife, I will not come to the in-laws' house." Otherwise, they used to respect each other a lot, but when they forgot the younger one's love, the older one's love was also hated by Ramita's Bhupu husband at that time. But today he has become the husband of a son, he is praising Ramita with his hand on his forehead.

Then Ramita also says, "O God, whatever injustice he did to me, it was due to his ignorance, it was due to the demonic character behind the curtain, so O God, let him cross that salty sea." Call Vaiguni with qualities."

Biography of Karl Marx

Biography of Karl Marx

 introduction

Karl Marx is a famous philosopher, political economist, historian, pioneer of political theory, sociologist, communist and revolutionary person, on the basis of whose ideas and principles scientific socialism was born. He was born on May 5, 1818.

early life

Karl Marx was born in a place called Trier in the Lower Rhine province of Prussia. His father, Heinrich Marx, was a successful lawyer who participated in the movement for the Prussian Constitution. His mother was born in Thalo Holland, both parents were Jewish. But Karl Marx was blessed in a church a year before he was born. At the age of 6, Karl Marx was also blessed.

Marx's parents educated him at home until the age of thirteen. Then he was admitted to the University of Bonma. While studying there, he joined various clubs including poets' club and started actively participating in those clubs. Due to this, his studies dropped. Therefore, Karl Marx's father admitted him to the University of Berlin, a university with strict discipline.

While studying at the University of Berlin, Karl Max focused on his studies and showed a particular interest in law. At the same time, he was influenced by the famous philosopher G.W.F. Hegel and joined a local group that was establishing Hegel's principles.

After the untimely death of Karl Marx's father, their financial position became weak. So he started earning money by writing. When Karl Marx realized that his interests lay in history and philosophy, he gave up writing.

In 1842, Karl Marx went to Cologne. There he worked as a newspaper editor. The main purpose of working in the newspaper was to support the family's financial situation. And, the second purpose is to bring out your thoughts. While working in that newspaper, he wrote articles on social issues, economic issues, as well as against the Russian rulers and against exploitation. As a result, the magazine was closed in 1843.

political journey

Karl Marx went to Paris in 1843. He started working there as a co-editor of a newspaper. He wrote two of his articles in the magazine, one on Jews and the other on Hegel's philosophy. Only one of these articles was published in 1844 and many readers and reviewers came to know him from the published article. After the German state banned the magazine, Karl Marx started working for another magazine in Paris called Forwards. At the same time, he wrote his ideas about socialism based on Hegel's ideas and criticized other socialists spread in Europe at that time.

In April 1844, Karl Marx became friends with Friedrich Engels. Friedrich helped Karl Marx refine his theories and ideas. Friedrich also helped him greatly in researching and publishing theories of political economy. Political economy is one of the main works done by Karl Marx. In Marx's political economy, Hegel's theory, English economics and the legendary socialism of France are combined. He published all his ideas and theories in August 1844.

After the forwards were also closed, Karl Marx went to Brussels with his friend Friedrich in 1845. There, together with Friedrich, he wrote a book on German thought and during a short visit to Britain met the leaders of the socialist revolution. In 1847, Karl Marx wrote the book 'The Poverty of Philosophy'. After that, he started saying that revolution is necessary for change and that the principles he announced should be implemented.

Karl Marx joined the League of the Just with his friend Friedrich. He wanted his voice to be raised through that organization, but for that, the organization should come out and be recognized as a political party. With the efforts of Karl Marx who understood this, the organization came out as a political party in 1847 under the name 'The Communist Leg'. He started putting his principles there. In favor of socialism, the party issued the 'Communist Manifesto' in 1848. After the communist revolution started, he was pressured to return to France.

After Karl Marx returned to France in 1848, he established the headquarters of the Communist Party in Paris and started working to bring the socialists in France together. After that, with the aim of spreading socialist thought in Germany, he went to Cologne and there published a summary of the Communist Manifesto under the title of Demands of the Communist Party in Germany. After that, he ran a daily newspaper there because it would help to publish his theories and communist works. He was arrested by the police shortly after running the newspaper. Karl Marx was exiled in 1849 after the King of Prussia opposed the work of Karl Marx. Exiled, Karl Marx went to London, where he spent the rest of his life.

After the split in the Communist League in 1849, Karl Marx joined the Educational Society of German Socialist Workers, but he resigned on September 17, 1850 due to disagreements. Due to the financial condition of the house, he took forward his writing along with his revolutionary steps. Karl Marx wrote 'The War in France', supporting the people in the movement of the people of Paris to overthrow the government. In the later days of his life, he became ill and admitted that he was too stubborn for his principles. But even after taking a break from politics, he supported the Russian revolutionaries.

Karl Marx married Jenny on June 19, 1843. They had seven children. Jenny died in 1881, leaving him deranged. Then in 1883, after the death of his eldest daughter, he began to suffer more and in the same year, i.e. on March 14, 1883, he died.

success

Karl Marx is known all over the world as the father of Marxism. The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, is regarded as the world's most influential political manifesto. Similarly, Marxist economics is also famous all over the world. Karl Marx is dead and alive and still the politics of the world ripples with his name.

Whoever wants to create something in his life, to express something, to make a new identity, he must have the courage to carry his dream in his womb and bear the pain of giving birth to it, risk his life to give birth to it. As a mother gives birth to her child.

Cristiano Ronaldo Life Story

Cristiano Ronaldo Life Story

 Love makes me strong, while hate motivates me to run on the path of reaching my goal.

introduction

Cristiano Ronaldo is a football player. He is a world famous player who managed to stay in the hearts of fans with the name CR7. He was born on February 5, 1985.

early life

Cristiano Ronaldo was born in Madeira, Portugal. His father's name is Jose Denis Averio and his mother's name is Maria Dolores das Santos. His father was a city gardener and his mother was a cook. He is the youngest among four siblings. Ronaldo's father was a heavy drinker which pushed him into poverty. After his father died of kidney failure in 2005, his mother worked as a cook and cleaner to run the household. In 2007, his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. Once expelled from school, he has now become a disciplined, popular and successful player by taking himself in a positive direction.

sports travel

Cristiano Ronaldo's father worked in the club so Ronaldo had the opportunity to learn about the game of football. Ronaldo, who started playing in the club from the age of eight, devoted all his time to football at the age of ten, and at the age of 14, he set his sights on becoming a professional football player. Ronaldo first joined the club in 1995 which was in his home town. Due to his good performance in the club, he got a chance to give a trial to a club in Portugal and after passing the trial, he joined 'Sporting CP'. From that club, he played under 16, under 17, under 18 in the senior team in 2002. After he scored two goals in his first leg in the senior team from the club, the clubs started chasing him.

In 2003, Sir Alex joined Manchester United after being impressed by Ronaldo's performance against Manchester United in the UFA Champions League. In his first season at the club, he helped Manchester United win by scoring in the first leg and final of the FA Cup. He scored two goals in the next year's European Championship and his performance was very impressive. During six years in Manchester United, he became a very important player of the club and scored 84 goals in 196 matches and was counted among the best players in the world. During that period, Manchester United also became the strongest club in Europe.

In the 2006 World Cup, Portugal reached the semi-finals in which Cristiano Ronaldo's impressive performances played a role. After that, his popularity increased even more. But he could not perform well in the next year's European Championship. Then in 2009, the Spanish club Real Madrid brought Ronaldo to their team by paying 131 million dollars to Manchester United. After this price paid by Real Madrid, he became the most expensive player in the world. He scored 33 goals in his first season at the club and won Real Madrid by scoring 40 goals in the Spanish leg.

Ronaldo, who did not perform well for Portugal in the World Cup in Africa in 2010, scored 3 goals in the European Championship in 2012 and led the team to the semi-finals. In the Spanish league of the same year, Ronaldo's excellent performance made Real Madrid the winner. He scored 60 goals in all that season. Similarly, in 2013, he also won the award for Real Madrid in the UEFA Championship. But in the 2014 World Cup, his performance was not as good as expected. But he returned to the rhythm of excellence and led Portugal to the final of the European Championship in 2016. He could not play due to a knee injury during the final match but continued to encourage his players and the team won. The players said the reason behind that victory was 'the encouragement and inspiration given by Ronaldo'. According to him, 2016 was the best year of his career.

success

Cristiano Ronaldo, who has moved forward after many struggles, has become a favorite player of football fans. In 2017, he received FIFA's best player of the year award and he has received this award four times. He has received many honors and titles from various clubs, magazines and organizations. This world-famous player is the player who scored the most goals in Real Madrid.

Love and companionship are as important as hate and criticism to move forward in life. Pick up every stone that comes your way and build a ladder to success. As Cristiano Ronaldo said, love and friendship make you stronger, but hate and criticism make you run away from your goals.

The success story of Coco Chanel

The success story of Coco Chanel

 Thinking about yourself is the most courageous thing to do.

introduction

Coco Chanel is a French fashion designer as well as the founder of the world famous fashion brand "Chanel". Shenal herself divided the dress into classic and casual style. She was the first to design comfortable, loose clothing and women's suits for women like men. Coco Chanel's full name was Gabrielle Bunh Coco Chanel. He was born on August 19, 1883.

early life

Coco Chanel was born in a poor family in France. His mother, Yunjini, worked as a washerwoman, while his father, Albert, ran a retail business on the street. Shenal was the second of five children of her parents. Due to the death of Shenal's mother at the age of 12, her father sent three daughters including Shenal to an orphanage in Ubjin and two sons to work as laborers. When she was eighteen years old, Shenell went to live in a home for Catholic girls in the city of Mullins.

business trip

Shenal worked as a seamstress while staying at the orphanage in Ubjin for six years, so she got a job as a seamstress when she came to Malins. She also sang cabaret songs in her free time outside of work. She got the chance to sing on stage for the first time at a concert in a cafe in Mullins. While singing, he mostly sang the song "Who Has Sinn Coco", so his nickname remained "Coco". In 1906, Chenal went to a spa resort in the city of Vichy to perform a stage show. While there she realized that singing on stage was not her future goal, so Mullins returned.

Shenal was helped by her boyfriend Capel to open her first shop. Capel's flamboyant style of dressing influenced Coco Chanel to design her own brand. Chanel's signature fragrance "Chanel Five" was also a design inspired by the items carried by Capel. In 1913, with the help of Capel, she opened her first boutique in a town called Davillah. In which she designed women's sportswear and everyday wear. At that time, it was surprising for women to wear loose clothing and play clothes like men. Everyone liked this new design of hers and she succeeded in this step to become a fashion designer.

In 1915, Chenal opened a second boutique in the city of Biarritz, and she was also successful. In 1919, Coco founded the 'Chanel Fashion Designing Business' in a building in the fashionable area of ​​Paris. After Shenal's business flourished, by 1935, the number of workers supporting his business had reached 4,000. But due to the start of the Second World War, in the late 1930s, due to a decrease in business, Chenal had to close its stores.

After the end of World War in 1954, Chanel returned to Paris and started her business again. Coco designed a black and white beaded "chennel suit" for women that was new but became famous. In February 1955, a leather handbag designed by Coco with gold and other metal chains became world famous as the 2/55. She produced perfumes for women as well as men. The design of the "little black dress" worn by modern women is also by Coco Chanel. She designed different types of pearl and stone jewelry and also designed clothes for Hollywood movies.

He died on January 10, 1971 at the age of eighty-seven.

success

The 'Shenel' brand established by Coco Chanel is still popular as a trusted brand around the world. According to Time magazine, Chanel's name is the first in the field of fashion designing to be named after 100 inspiring people of the 20th century. Various movies have been made based on the life of Coco Chanel.

The people around him appreciate the person who obeys the decisions of others. But in the true sense, a courageous person is the one who brings out the voice of his heart, who thinks about himself and takes a decision. Sometimes you have to fight with the rest of the world for this. But a person who believes in himself, rather than making others happy immediately, takes decisions with courage for the long-term benefit of the society and the survival of his life.

Jamshedji Tata Honesty, study of the market and utilization of opportunities leads to success.

Jamshedji Tata Honesty, study of the market and utilization of opportunities leads to success.

Honesty, study of the market and good use of opportunities bring success.

introduction

Jamshedji Tata is a famous Indian industrialist and the founder of India's largest company "Tata Group". Because of Jamshedji's great contribution to the Indian industrial sector, he is considered as the "father of the Indian industrial sector". He was born on March 3, 1839.

initial journey

Jamshedji Nusirwanji Tata was born into a Parsi family in Navsari in southern Gujarat. His father's name was Nusirwanji and his mother's name was Jeevanbai Tata. His father was the first person in the family to run his own business. At the age of fourteen, Jamshedji came to Bombay (now Mumbai) with his father and started working. At the age of seventeen, he joined "Elphinstone College" in Mumbai. In 1858, after graduating as a "Green Scholar (Bachelor's Degree)", he joined his father fully in business. At that time he was married to Hira Bai Dabu.

business trip 

India was in turmoil in 1858 due to the rebellion in India in 1857. Although the condition of Jamshedji's father's export company was disappointing, he continued to try to raise the company with hard work. As a result of hard work, he was able to open branches of his business in Japan, China, Europe, America.

During business trips abroad, Jamshedji's business knowledge increased and he experienced that Indian companies can also be successful in the British-dominated textile industry. After working in his father's company until the age of 29, he established a business establishment in 1868 with a total capital of 21,000. In 1869, he bought a debt-ridden oil mill and converted it into a cotton mill, naming it Alexander Mill. After two years, Jamshedji sold the mill at a good profit and established a new cotton mill in Nagpur in 1874. When Queen Victoria was given the title of 'Queen of India', she named her mill 'Empress Mill'. He also opened other mills in Mumbai and Kurla. He was a human rights activist and a skilled leader, so he introduced the "Labor Protection Policy" for the welfare of industrial workers.

Jamshedji believed that economic freedom is political freedom. Jamshedji had four big goals in his life for the prosperity of his country. His projects were to establish a steel company, a world famous science study center, open a good hotel and open a hydroelectric project. He was an idealistic social worker. In the year 1892, he established the "JN Tata Endowment" in Britain for students of any caste or community who wanted to get higher education. In 1898, he gave his land to open a research center.

The plan that could not be completed during Jamshedji's lifetime was completed by his sons, according to which "The Indian Institute of Science" was established, which is a very prestigious institution nowadays. Hotel "Taj" was established as a result of his plan in 1903. At that time, "Taj" was the only hotel in India that had electricity. The establishment of Taj Hotel was a result of his nationalist thinking because Indians were not allowed to enter good European hotels in India at that time. And, he resolved to open a similar big hotel and show it to them. Around the year 1900, he brought a hydroelectric project. But due to his sudden death in 1904, the plan remained incomplete.

success

Jamshedji Tata is called "the father of the Indian industrial sector." The Tata Group of Companies has now become India's largest business group and a successful multinational company. Founded in 1868, now hundreds of companies such as Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Chemicals, Tata Power, Tata Consultancy Services are operating under the Tata Group.

Most people have the desire to do their own work. But only a few succeed. The reason for this is lack of adequate preparation. You should deeply understand your goal, the work you want to do. Market and possibilities should be studied. We should prepare ourselves for the obstacles that may come in the future. You have to be determined to move forward in any situation. Don't make the mistake of ending your trip midway.

The story of a Takma

The story of a Takma

 A story of a kind

At a glance, it seems that this takma belongs to a Muslim ruler. Only Urdu language has been used in it. Nothing is written in any other language. But on one side there is a picture of King Surendra . So we can easily assume that there is a relationship of this kind with Nepal. There is a very interesting story as to why and to whom a Hindu king of a Hindu nation gave Takma written only in Urdu.

Finally, let's go to what is written in Urdu language in this category. The Nepali translation of Urdu written in it is like this.

(Dedicated) On the orders of Sri Maharajadhiraja Surendra Vikram Shah Bahadur and Sri Jung Bahadur Rana Maharaja, the Khalsa soldiers of Jammu who had been in Tibetan captivity for 15 years were freed in the war with Bhot in Samvat 1912 (1855-56). "

What this shows is that during the reign of Jung Bahadur, he did important work not only for Nepal and the Nepali people but also for the soldiers of Jammu who were imprisoned. 56 Khalsa soldiers who had been imprisoned under the Tibetan army for about 15 years were released. Each of those 56 soldiers was given this title to remind them of their revival. It has not been investigated who the 56 soldiers were or where they are. But some titles received by those soldiers have been found.

There was once a Dogra kingdom in present day Himachal Pradesh of India. Bishal was the king of Jammu and Kashmir state, Gulaw Singh. With the dream of Gulawsingh's kingdom expansion, he was sent to attack Bhot in 1841 under the leadership of General Zorawar Singh, who was the governor of Ladakh. But the battle for votes was not easy. Zorawar Singh was killed in the war. Some of the soldiers who went to war were killed and some were taken to Lhasa as prisoners of war. Among these prisoners of war, 34 wanted to stay in South Tibet, while 106 prisoners of war were handed over to the government of Nepal after the end of the Nepal Bhot war during the time of Jung Bahadur. After only 56 out of 106 prisoners of war who reached Nepal expressed their desire to return to Jammu, King Surendra and Shri 3 Janga Bahadur bid farewell wearing this title.

Nepal Bhutan War

B.S. Towards the end of July 1909, Janga Bahadur sent a delegation to China under the leadership of Lieutenant Bhimsen Kunwar. For almost 2 years, Jung did not get any information about the team that went to Peking with the intention of strengthening China-Nepal relations and wishing the new emperor Hong Xiaoquin a successful tenure. When the team, which was supposed to return in 8 months, was worried, suddenly only the leader of the team, Bhimsen Kunwar, returned. According to his information, the Tibetans robbed the goods and killed other members on the way. With the information that he was allowed to return alive because he had a message from the emperor of China in his hand, he also informed that the Nepalis who were voting were robbed and killed in the same way.

In this way, Jung, who heard that the Nepalis who were present at the polls were being brutalized along with the killing and looting of his delegation, immediately prepared to attack the polls. Jung had recruited 14,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry for war. Also, 80 12-pounder guns, 24 6-pounder guns, as well as mortar and howitzer guns were ordered to be dropped in Kathmandu itself. Kaligarhs were kept ready to prepare the necessary war materials for war including ammunition. As it is extremely cold in Bhota, thousands of Bakkhu, Docha and Bhote hats were also made for the winter. In addition to this, he asked the landlords of Terai to arrange for the necessary ration water for the army and other allies.

B.S. On February 14, 1911, a delegation of Bhot arrived in Kathmandu to participate in the wedding ceremony of Janga Bahadur's son Jitjung with Raja Surendra's daughter Narendralakshmi. On this occasion, Janga Bahadur led a military parade to show the voting delegation. In which 28,000 foot soldiers wearing plain clothes, 1,600 cavalry soldiers, 60 12-pounder guns, 35 6-pounder guns, hundreds of mortar guns and howitzer guns were displayed. In front of the representative of Bhot, Jang informed that he is ready to conclude a treaty to stop the war if he pays one million Nepalese rupees as compensation for the expenses incurred in preparing for the war and the looting during the vote. Otherwise war will start and he also warned to be prepared. But after the delegation informed that only 5 lakhs could be given equal to the looted assessment in the vote, Jung declared war.

B.S. On February 24, 1911, Janga Bahadur addressed the military commanders in Thapathali. He said with passion in front of the soldiers, "You are brave soldiers. Bhote insulted us. He underestimated our power. He looted the wealth of our countrymen and even killed some of them. If this dishonor of ours is right, they will dare to do more atrocities. So how much power is there in our countrymen as well?" I am sending you to war to make him understand that and to take revenge on him for disrespecting our country." Saying that, he left for the war with great enthusiasm.

After the loss of votes and a big loss in almost a year-long battle, B.S. In December 1912, a delegation of votes arrived in Kathmandu with a proposal for a treaty. About 3,500 officers and soldiers died in the one-year-long Nepal Vote War. About 7,000 soldiers died on the Bhote side. When a proposal for a treaty came from the Bhot side and the budget of the Nepalese government was beginning to shrink due to the war, Janga Bahadur was also determined to be ready to conclude a treaty with a suitable proposal.

Finally, after a long discussion, B.S. The treaty between the two countries came to an end on 13th Chaitra 1912. According to the treaty, Bhot will provide ten thousand rupees annually, no tax will be taken from any Nepali businessmen doing business in Bhot, no war between countries and if a third country comes to attack anyone, they will help each other, Sikh soldiers who are imprisoned in Bhot, and Nepali soldiers as well. Return Nepali hats and other bullets belonging to his family and votes. Also send back the Bhot soldiers held by the Nepalese army. To be a representative of the Government of Nepal in Lhasa. In Lhasa, Nepali people will be allowed to do whatever business they want. In case of looting of Nepalis who are voting, payment will be made from voters. If the Nepalese rob the Bhote businessmen, they will take the money from the Nepalese.

This treaty is known as Thapathali Treaty. After this treaty, the Bhot government provided 233,000 Nepalese rupees as compensation to Nepal. In addition, according to this treaty, 10,000 rupees annually by the Nepal government for 100 years B.S. It was still available till 2012.

This treaty was signed by Mr. 3 Janga Bahadur on behalf of Nepal, while Chen Mer Dr. Wang signed it as the representative of the Lama of Potala Darwar as the 11th Dalai Lama of Potala Darwar passed away but a new Dalai Lama could not be appointed.

In this way, Janga Bahadur took revenge for the injustice and tyranny done to the Nepalese in the vote. Later B.Sc. During Ranodweep in 1940, preparations were made to fight against the injustice of voting.

Although the takma shown in the picture was distributed among 56 Dogra war captives, only 2 of them have been found so far. This piece of silver is 42 mm round and weighs about 25 grams. A few years ago this model was put up for sale for £9,000.

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Swasthani Fasting Story and Us

Swasthani Fasting Story and Us

Today Paush Shukla Purnima is the start of Swasthani Braat Katha, so I am putting some facts about Swasthani here.

I have copies of two master's theses. One by Linda Louise Eiltis, who graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His topic was - "Swasthani Vrat: Neva in Nepal: Women and Culture". In the matter of his education, Swasthani fast was given priority. About 25 years after she graduated in 1985, Jessica Vanthine Birkenholz graduated from the University of Chicago with a master's degree in health history. His topic was - "Swasthani Vratkatha tradition: Changes of self, place and identity among Hindus of Nepal".

In this way, in a long interval, two American women have studied about healthy fasting and healthy fasting stories, but no Nepali is found to have prioritized research on this topic. Jessica later published a book called Reciting The Goddess. In this way, two foreign women had studied the Swasthani Brata Katha, which is popular only in Nepal.

Swasthani word means - self means own and place means place. Therefore, Swasthani Katha is a story about its own place. The goddess described in it is Ashtamatrika worshiped by the Nevas, while the city described in it is Lavanya Desh - Sankhu. Also, the story of a woman living in Sankhu, "Gomayju", who is confused between joys and sorrows, tears, laughter and wealth and poverty is the story of Swasthani. The oldest story of Swasthani is preserved in the National Archives written in Sanskrit mixed with Newari language in Nepal Samvat 693 (1629 B.S.) about 450 years ago. Also, at that time, it seems that this fast will be only for 2 days and 1 night, that is, only for two days. But in Swasthani Brata Katha, written only 30 years later, it is described as 30 days. B.S. It can be understood that only from 1659, Swasthani fasting started for 30 days. Also it was written in Newari language only. As follows: After B.S. In 1730, on the fifth day of Magh Shukla, King Pratap Malla of Kantipur installed the idol of Swasthani in Makhan Tanabaha for the first time.

Initially, Swasthani was written on eight pages of palm leaves, but later it was expanded to become a thick book of about 400 pages. It has been found that only Newari language was used for the first 200 years. Also, its story is also changing from time to time. The origin story of Swasthani is mentioned in Skanda Purana of Mahabharata. This story is written by making the Kedar section in the Skanda Purana the focal point. The main characters in Puranic stories are given different local names. Gomayju is the main character in this story. When translated into Nepali, it is written as Goma Brahmani. Navaraj, the son of the second Gomayju and Chandravati, the wife of the third Navaraj. There are three characters with three characters. Gomayju is calm and does not panic even in pain, the obedient son of Navaraj mother whose good character later becomes the king. The third Chandravati is selfish. Just want to enjoy. greed,

The main theme of this story is centered on women. It also shows that after the main marriage, one should accept the husband's house and live happily even if there are adverse conditions in the new house. There is not much difference between the miserable condition of Gomayju's husband Shivdutt's house and the house of Chandravati's husband Navaraj. Both were poor. Also there were Goma and Chandravati, who grew up in a rich house and in a comfortable place.

After all, the question of who is Gomayju or who is Navaraj is open to all of us who read health. Are these characters just fictional or written with a political character in mind? Is Swasthani Brat Katha really a mythological story? Is it related to Mahabharata? Is Kumarji commanding as it is said in every chapter, O Agastya Muni? These are all unanswered questions. Most importantly, it is read only in Nepal. The Piths written in it do not match with the mythological stories.

In this story, there is more injustice towards women. But because of a woman's endurance and her patience, all the comforts and conveniences in life are obtained. In this story, by showing the story of divine power, it is shown that if a woman is patient, she will definitely get results. Its story shows the tricks of God. A question mark has been placed on God. It has been shown that God is not completely perfect, but like us humans, we are also selfish.

It is said that when one fasts, one's thoughts are fulfilled. But not by its divine power, but by its story object, it increases confidence in women. Increases perseverance in work. So that he achieves his goal.

As there is a description of the river Shali in this sacred brat story, there is a crowd of people fasting and bathing in the river Shali. But the name of any river was not mentioned in the old Swasthani stories. Shali river has been mentioned only from about 200 years ago. Therefore, it is estimated that the practice of fasting in the Shali River is only 200 years old. In addition, two Jatras are held in two places from the day of Paush Shukla Purnima when this healthy fasting starts. Changunarayan Jatra in Changunarayan and Madhavnarayana Jatra in Sankhu. Both these Jatras are not considered to be very old Jatras. Madhavnarayan fast is observed for a month long.

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